alevel物理-匀加速运动知识点
一提起Sequence(数列),大家就马上想起那个被举了无数次,甚至被举烂了的例子,那就是1,2,3,4.
在A-Levels纯数学的知识结构中,数列(sequence and series)似乎只是一个跑龙套的角色,没什么难度,与核心知识也没什么关联。但我敢保证,它与核心知识(函数和微积分)的关联绝对比你想象的要丰富得多。
让我们来回忆一下数列的基础知识
数列(sequence/progression)是由若干个数(可能是有限个,也可能有无穷多个)线性排列而成的集合。比如1,3,5,7,9…
其中每个数称为数列的项(term),每一项都有它的位置(position)和值(value)。比如,上述数列的第1项(位置)是1(值),第2项是3,第3项是5,……。通常我们un表示第n项的值。因此,对于上述数列,我们可以说u1=1,u2=3,u3=5,……。
定义或者表示一个数列通常有三种方式。
▎直接列举
例1:1,3,5,7,9;
例2:u1=1,u2=3,u3=5,u4=7,u5=9。
例3:
n (position)
1
2
3
4
5
un (value)
1
3
5
7
9
通项公式general formula
如果un可以用n的表达式写出,则这个表达式称为数列的通项公式。利用通项公式,我们就可以根据项的位置,求出项的值。
例4:
递推公式recursive formula/recurrence relation
如果数列的相邻项(un和un+1)之间有某种有规律的联系,可以用递推式来定义数列。
例5:一个数列用以下两个式子定义,
不难看出,上述例4-5定义的数列是等价的,并且它们的前5项和例1-3是相同的。
▎数列的前n项和(the sum of the first n terms)
很多时候,我们不仅关心数列的第n项(the nth term, un)是什么,还关心数列的前n项和(the sum of the first n terms)。
前n项和,通常记为Sn,定义为
最常见的两种数列
▎等差数列(arithmetic sequence)
等差数列理解起来很简单,数列中后一项减去前一项的差值是相等的,这样的一列数就是等差数列。相邻两项的差为常数的数列称为等差数列,这个常数称为公差(common difference)。比如1,3,5,7,9就是个等差数列,它的公差为2。
这里还解释了一下算数平均值,arithmetic mean的实际意义。落在两个数中间的那个数,就是算数平均值,实际上,等差数列中连续的三个项,中间的项都是另外的两个项的平均值。
我们用a表示等差数列的首项,d表示公差,则有
等比数列(geometric sequence)
等比数列的定义也是很简单,后一项比上前一项的值是相等的,这个比值叫做公比。相邻两项的比为常数(不能为0)的数列称为等比数列,这个常数称为公比(common ratio)。比如,1,2,4,8,16就是个等比数列,它的公比为2.
同样此处也可以介绍几何平均值,geometric mean,理解起来了很简单,就是连续的三个等比(几何)数列中的项,中间的项就是两边的项的几何平均值,中间项的平方等于两边项的乘积。这个知识点一般不会考到,大家知道就行了。
我们用a表示等差数列的首项,r表示公差,则有
有的同学会问了,你说的这些东西我也知道,可它与函数和微积分能扯上什么关系?关系可大了。我们先关注最明显的关联,只看通项公式。
我们直接给出结论
数列是从自然数集(set of natural number)到任意数集的映射(函数),也就是说,它的实质就是定义域(domain)为自然数的函数。
等差数列对应于一次函数(linear function)
等比数列对应于指数函数(exponentials)
如果你觉得不明显的话,提示一下——我们只需把un写成u(n),就明白了。如果还不清楚,请把n替换为x,把u替换为f。


A-level考试培训
New

A-level OPENS
A-level预习
A-level
课程亮点
1
爱德思和AQA注册认证的考培中心
2
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3
使用原版教材和九天独家辅导资料
4
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1
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A-level OPENS
alevel物理-匀加速运动知识点
Motion I – Uniform Acceleration
Course1
This Factsheet will cover:
1the basic definitions of speed, velocity and acceleration
2 the use of the equations of motion for uniform acceleration
3 the application of the equations of motion to projectile motion
1. Basic Concepts
Speed and velocity. Speed is the rate of change of distance.
The speed of a body at any instant is equal to the magnitude of itsvelocity at that instant. However, this is not generally the case foraverage speed and average velocity. To see why this is, imagine walking 5 m North in 2 s, then 5 m South in 2 s. Since you end up at the point where you started, your overall
displacement is zero – so your average velocity is zero. However, you have travelled a distance of 10 m in 4 s, so your average speed is: 10 /4 = 2.5 ms-1.
The average speed will only be the magnitude of the average velocity ifthe body concerned is moving in a straight line, without reversing itsdirection – since then, the distance it moves will always be equal to themagnitude of its displacement.
2. Equations of motion for uniform acceleration
v = u + at u = initial velocity
v2 = u2 + 2as v = final velocity
s = ut + ½at2 a = acceleration
s = ½ (u + v)t s = displacement from the starting point
t = time
3. Approach to problems using equations of motion
1. Check that the body is moving with constant acceleration!
2. Write down any of u, v, a, s, t that you know
3. Note down which of u, v, a, s and t that you want (e.g. write a = ?)
4. Decide which equation to use by looking at which of the variablesyou have got written down in steps 2 and 3. For example, if youhave got values for u, t and s, and you want a value for v, then youlook for the equation with u, t, s and v in it.
5. Substitute the values you know in, then rearrange.
6. Check that the answer makes sense.
Course2
Typical example of Motion
Example 1.
A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration. It passes point P with speed 2 ms-1. Ten seconds later, it passes point Q. The distance between P and Q is 40 metres. Find the speed of the particle as it passes point Q.
We know: u = 2ms-1 s = 40 m t = 10 s
We want: v = ?
Since we have u, s, t and v involved, use s = ½ (u + v)t
Substituting in:
40 = ½ (2 + v)10
40 = 5(2 + v)
40 = 10 + 5v
30 = 5v
v = 6 ms-1
Example 2.
A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration 0.2 ms-2. After it has moved a total of 20m, its speed is 8ms-1. Find its initial speed
a = 0.2 ms-2 s = 20m v = 8 ms-1 u = ?
So use v2 = u2 + 2as
82 = u2 + 2(0.2)(20)
64 = u2 + 8
56 = u2
u = 7.48 ms-1 (3SF)
Tips:
1. It is usually easier to put the values in before rearranging theequations.
2. Take particular care with negative values. On manycalculators, if you type in –22, you will get the answer –4,rather than the correct value of 4. This is because thecalculator squares before “noticing” the minus sign.
