重要的AP生物核心词汇及其解释
2020年AP考试临近，同学们AP化学知识点内容是不是都记好了呢？2020年AP化学考试大纲将会带来不小的变化，今天A+国际教育小编就带大家总结一下考试中所涉及到的AP化学知识点以及考试大纲的变化，来帮助同学们做好考前备考工作，一起来了解一下吧！ 以下是年CB官网AP化学知识点考纲（6 Big Ideas）内容： 1.化学元素是构成物质的基本材料，也可理解为是原子的排列组合 Big Idea 1:The chemical elements are the building blocks of matter,which can be understood in terms of the arrangements of atoms. 2.一切材料的化学性质和物理性质都可以通过原子、离子、分子的排列组合及互相之间的作用力来解释 Big Idea 2:Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms,ions,or molecules and the forces between them. 3.物质的变化包含了原子的重新排列与重组，以及电子的转移 Big Idea 3:Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons. 4.化学反应的速度取决于分子碰撞的细节 Big Idea 4:Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions. 5.热力学定律描述了能量的重要角色，同时还可以解释和预测物质变化的方向 Big Idea 5:The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter. 6.任何连接或吸引力都可以被形成或被打破，这两种过程时刻处于竞争之中，对初始情况和外部作用力或变化都很敏感 Big Idea 6:Bonds or attractions that can be formed can be broken.These two processes are in constant competition,sensitive to initial conditions and external forces or changes. 其中，第1,3两个板块相对简单和基础，这两部分内容多以选择题的形式出现。第2部分记忆偏多，但难度不大。后面三个部分涉及较多计算，难度较前几章要大，选择题和问答题都有可能。 特别提醒：2020年AP化学改革啦！下面小编为同学们带来改革分析！ ✦年的真题与年的真题相比，考察的范围没有变化，前三道long free response都是综合性的题目，考察的范围集中在structure of matter,chemical equilibrium,kinetics和chemical reactions。后面的四道short free response分别考察了atomic structure（electron configuration），chemical kinetics和redox reaction。 ✦年AP化学难度有所降低。所有题目都是大纲中明确要求掌握的内容，中规中矩，没有特别偏的问题。其中，前三道需要对各个big ideas的内容有非常透彻的理解，并且能够把不同章节的知识点整合在一起解题，考察学生对AP化学知识的综合运用能力。 ✦从2020年开始，AP化学大纲的内容把以前的六个big ideas重组为四个big ideas。但是，详细的考察内容细分为了9个units。 在新的course and exam description(CED)中，每个unit中要求掌握的知识点都有了更详细的描述和更清晰的分类。但是，整体上看，与以前的CED相比，要求掌握的内容没有多少改变。考试的格式、时长、题目类型和分值方面也没有任何调整。 不在玩乐中放松，就在学习中爆发，在进入复习单元之前，咱们很有必要看看化学要学什么，有个大概的知识框架以及每个章节分数比例。
AP考试培训
New
AP OPENS
AP预习
AP
课程亮点
1
22个专业37门课程全覆盖，满足学生的不同学习需求
2
顾问1V1全方位指导，制定专属学习计划
3
使用原版教材和九天独家辅导资料
4
实体教学环境，沉浸式高效学习
学科
微积分
微积分AB、微积分BC
经济学
宏观经济学、微观经济学
人文社科类
心理学、物理、化学、生物、历史、计算机
课时总数
20（根据学生个人情况不同有一些变动）
课程适合人群
1
适用阶段
（1）欲就读于美国国际学校AP阶段的学生
（2）希望提前适应AP课程的学生
AP OPENS
2
学习收获
（1）课前顾问对学生学习能力1对1评估，量身打造课程，帮助学生充分完成课前预习
（2）课中导师双语沟通，对原版教材进行知识点精讲，帮助学生提前适应国外上课方式
（3）课后完成多样化作业并进行学术测试，班主任线上线下24小时答疑
AP OPENS
重要的AP生物核心词汇及其解释
中国学生在学习AP生物课程时，专业词汇的掌握是一大重点和难点。今天A+国际教育小编为大家整理了一些重要的AP生物核心词汇及其解释，来看看同学们是不是都完全掌握了呢？ Mutagen（诱变剂）：Any agent that induces genetic mutation.Examples：certain chemical substances，ultraviolet，light，radioactivity. Mutation（突变）：A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell.Mycelium（菌丝体）：The filamentous mass that makes up a mold.Composed of hyphae. narrow spectrum（窄谱）：Denotes drugs that are selective and limited in their effects.For example，they inhibit either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria，but not both. negative stain（负染色）：A staining technique that renders the background opaque or colored and leaves the object unstained so that it is outlined as a colorless area nitrogen fixation（固氮）：A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric Na gas is converted to a form（NH^usable by plants. Nucleocapsid（核衣壳）：In viruses，the close physical combination of the nucleic acid with its protective covering. Nucleoid（拟核）：The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome. Nutrient（营养物质）：Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth.Macronutrients are required in large amounts，and micronutrients in small amounts. Obligate（专性的）：Without alternative；restricted to a particular characteristic.Example：An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host；an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow；an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen. Parasite（寄生）：An organism that lives on or within another organism（the host），from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection.The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host indirectly by donation of preformed immune substances（antibodies）produced in the body of another Individual. Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）：Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk，fruit juices，or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells，followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores.It prevents infection and spoilage. Pathogen（病原体）：Any agent，usually a virus，bacterium，fungus，protozoan，or helminth，that causes disease. Saprophytes（腐生型）Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decaying plants and animals.Saprophytes are important in recycling organic material. Pathogenidty（致病性）：The capacity of microbes to cause disease. Pathology（病原学）：The structural and physiological effects of disease on the body. passive transport（被动扩散）Diffusion across a plasma membrane in which the cell expends no energy. Penicillins（青霉素）：A large group of naturally occurring and synthetic antibiotics produced by penicillium mold and active against the cell wall of bacteria. Peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）：A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls.Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria. Plasmids（质粒）Self-replicating，circular DNA molecules found in bacterial cells；often used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology.Small circles of double-stranded DNA found in some bacteria.Plasmids can carry from four to 20 genes.Plasmids are a commonly used vector in recombinant DNA studies. periplasmic space（周质空间）：The region between the cell wall and cell membrane of the cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria. Phage（噬菌体）：A bacteriophage；a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria. Phenotype（表型）：The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential（genotype）and the environment. Photoautotroph（光能自养菌）：An organism that utilizes light fa-ils energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its'carbon needs. Pilus（性丝）Projection from surface of a bacterial cell（F+）that can donate genetic material to another（F-）。 prokaryote cell（原核细胞）：A small，simple cell lacking a true nucleus，a nuclear envelope，and membrane-enclosed organelles prophage（前噬菌体）：A lysogenized bacteriophage；a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing，viral replication and lysis.prophylactic Any device，method，or substance used to prevent disease. Protoplast（原生质体）：A bacterial cell whose cell wall is completely kicking and that is vulnerable to osmotic lysis. Pseudohypha（假菌丝）：A chain of easily separated，spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa. Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：A microorganism that thrives at low temperature（0°-20°C），with a temperature optimum of 0°-15°C. respiratory chain（呼吸链）：In cellular respiration，a series of electron-carrying molecules that transfers energy-rich electrons and protons to molecular oxygen.In transit，energy is extracted and conserved in the form of ATP. reverse transcriptase（逆转录酶）：The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA—a form of reverse transcription. SCP（单细胞蛋白）：Abbreviation for single-cell protein，a euphemistic expression for microbial protein intended for human and animal consumption…… selective media（选择培养基）：Nutrient media designed to favor the growth of certain microbes and to inhibit. Serotyping（血清型）：The subdivision of a species or subspecies into an immunologic type，based upon antigenic characteristics. sexual reproduction（有性繁殖）A system of reproduction in which two haploid sex cells fuse to produce a diploid zygote. Spheroplast（球形体）：A gram-negative cell whose peptidoglycan，when digested by lysozyme， remains intact but is osmotically vulnerable spike（刺突）：A receptor on the surface of certain enveloped viruses that facilitates specific attachment to the host cell. Spirillum（螺菌）：A type of bacterial cell with a rigid spiral shape and external flagella. Spirochete（螺旋体）：A coiled，spiral-shaped bacterium that has endoflagella and flexes as it moves. Sporangium（孢囊）：A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple cell cleavage.Sterilization（灭菌）：Any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms，including viruses，from an object or habitat.Material so treated is sterile. Strain（菌株）：In microbiology，a set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retain the original characteristics.Any deviation from the original is a different strain. subcellular vaccine（亚单位疫苗）：A vaccine against isolated microbial antigens rather than against the entire organism. superoxide ion（超氧离子）：A toxic radical form oxygen metabolism suppressor T cell（抑制T细胞）：A class of T cells that inhibits the actions of B cells and other T cells. temperate phage（温和噬菌体）：A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell. thermal death point（致死温度）：The lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure.Examples：55°C for Escherichia coil.60°C for Mycobaaerium tuberculosis，and 120°C for spores. thermal death time（热致死时间）：The least time required to kill all cells of a culture at a specified temperature. Therrnophlle（嗜热菌）：A microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C or higher. T lymphocyte（T cell）：A white blood cell that is processed in the thymus gland and is involved in cell-mediated immunity. Toxoid（类毒素）：A toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies；used in vaccines. Transduction（转导）：The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector. Transformation（转化）：In microbial genetics，the transfer of genetic material contained in"naked"DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell. Transposon（转座）：A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end，enabling it to migrate to another plasmid，to the bacterial chromosome，or to a bacteriophage. Vaccine（免疫法）：Originally used in reference to inoculation with the cowpox or vaccinia virus to protect against smallpox.In general，the term now pertains to injection of whole microbes（killed or attenuated），toxoids，or parts of microbes as a prevention or cure for disease. Virold（类病毒）：An infectious agent that，unlike a virion，lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule.Although known viroids are all plant pathogens，it is conceivable that animal versions exist. Zygospore（接合孢子）：A thick-walled sexual spore produced by the zygomycete fungi.It develops from theｕｎｉｏｎof two hyphae，each bearing nuclei of opposite mating types. 以上就是A+国际教育小编关于部分AP生物核心词汇的整理，希望同学们可以作为自己AP生物学习中的一份参考。如有问题，欢迎随时咨询我们的线上老师！
